Peter Mountain mallow

Kingdom:	(unranked):	(unranked):	(unranked):	Order:	Family:	Genus:	Species:
Plantae	Angiosperms	Eudicots	Rosids	Malvales	Malvaceae	Iliamna	I. corei

Peters Mountain mallow, or Iliamna corei, is a type of flower which can be found on the rare plants list as one of the most endangered species in the United States. Peters Mountain mallow can only  be found in Peters mountain, in Giles County, VA, and it is given the name by where it is located.

As a mallow, Peters Mountain mallow is almost the same as the usual mallow, especially Iliamna remota, another endangered mallow found in Langham Island, Illinois, but scientists still consider them differently since they are genetically varied. A Peters Mountain mallow flower has five pinkish white petal, 15-20 of which can be bloomed for each individual plant.  

Peters Mountain mallow was discovered in 1927, when they found only 50 plants in the region. The number has decreased to 3 in 1992 due to different sorts of threats including other plants who either shrink the living space or block it from getting nutritions, and damages from animals like deers and goats. Also, it takes a Peters Mountain mallow seed six years to grow to bloom, which makes it extremely har to reproduce themselves.

However, as Peters Mountain mallow was categorized as an endangered species, people start to protect this rare plants. They preserved the seeds from the flower, an even set up fence to keep Peters Mountain mallow from animal attacks. It must be maintained in a good condition now.

I feel surprised having read that there was such a special rare flower in Virginia. If people can know the endangered species more, the biologists might pay more attention to protect more species since people cares about them. Peters mountain is a lucky plant that it was at least got preserved when it only had 3 of the plant in the mountain space. Biological diversity will, for sure, keep the natrue in a beautiful way.

http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/document/anlist2016.pdf

http://www.fws.gov/northeast/EcologicalServices/pdf/endangered/Peters%20Mountain%20Mallow%205YR.pdf

http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSpeciesUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155689

http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/document/fsicorei.pdf

Beech tree In February

It was a cold day in the late February, different from an April dog day afternoon. I can still remember that the snow has already melted when we got the Thaiss Park at that time, however, there were a huge pile of snow that is hard enough to stand on the top. Everything seemed as dead as hell in before spring so that I wrote poem themed desolation. I appreciate Nathan for his enthusiasm in such a cold weather, but in general the nature was waiting for the new green passively.
If the scene was not clear, we can talk about it more specifically. There were trees in the Thaiss Park, a considerable number of them, with no green leaves at all. The winter were so mean that broadleaf deciduous trees can't maintain the accomplishment in the spring and the summer. For instance, the beech trees, Fagus Grandifolia, one of the most common trees in the east of Northern America, has leaves like this:

However, in late February, the Beech tree leaves looks like this:

The leaves are totally dried-up.

The branches were so brave that they didn't just throw the old leaves away, but instead the leaves were still be attached to the tree to show the loyalty. They are American Beech trees. Unlike those in Asia or Europe, leaves were the most significant difference. Human would not logged down the Beech trees in the park for the wood material, which means keeping alive was the only thing they should do.

I didn't recognize that tree anymore, even in April, when trees started to grow leaves for the following year, and squirrels appeared in the Thaiss Park. The old leaves would fall down, then becoming a element of soil. The park is as lively as a teenager now, decorated with various forms of greens. However,despite people coming to enjoy the new season, the park is still quiet.

The dead leaves on the Beech trees, along with the coldness and desolation, is the flip side of the thaiss park. The spring and the winter are both real, and they are dramatically close to each other.

http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/american_beech.htm

http://hort.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/faggraa.pdf

Thoreau Reflection: The Same Sun

We might try our lives by a thousand simple tests; as, for instance, that the same sun which ripens my beans illumines at once a system of earths like ours. If I had remembered this it would have presented some mistakes. This was not the light in which I hoed them. The stars are apexes of what wonderful triangles! What distant and different beings in the various mansions of the universe are contemplating the same one at the same moment! Nature and human life are as various as our several constitutions. Who shall say what prospect life offers to another? Could a greater miracle take place than for us to look through each other’s eyes for an instant? We should live in all the ages of the world in an hour; ay, in all the worlds of the ages.

Here, Thoreau reminds us of the simple wonders of nature, but also emphasizes the importance of empathy—an interesting comparison in relation to his theme of appreciating nature. Does Thoreau want to imply that empathy, “look[ing] through each other’s eyes,” is as important and natural as “the same sun that ripens [his] beans”? Surely, it must be. We should all strive to view the world with more care and love—this much Thoreau and I agree on. Perhaps, then, some of our environmental issues would be solved—would you destroy a forest you truly understood? Would you have to, therefore, destroy any understanding of it you may have in order to destroy it? I believe so. If we all strive to know and love each other and our surroundings, we may find ourselves enlightened and in love.

Let’s all try to care a little more.

Signing off,
—Rebecca

Spot Poem

I walk down the black path going to my spot. I see a squirrel run away from me and scurries up a tree.I cut through the dead grass to get to the steep side of the creek so i can jump to my spot. I jump down from the dead grass landing onto the wet sand. My hands are now sandy and there are hand prints in the sand. I walk over to the spot that i always sit at. The tide is a bit high this time so i sit up the bank. I look into the water and its quite clear. I see a leaf floating down the stream and a minnow follow the leaf. I want to go catch the minnow but its 30 degrees and i would freeze to death. I can still hear the cars on the road so that distracts me from the birds talking to each other. I look at the time and its 3:55 so I pop up and run back to campus making prints in the sand.

Callophrys hesseli (Hessel’s Hairstreak)

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)

Phylum: Arthropoda (Arthropods)

Subphylum: Hexapoda (Hexapods)

Class: Insecta (Insects)

Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)

Family: Lycaenidae (Blues, Coppers, Hairstreaks, Harvesters)

Genus: Callophrys

Species: hesseli (Hessel’s Hairstreak)

Callophrys hesseli, also known as Hessel’s Hairstreak, is a rare and possibly endangered butterfly found on the eastern seaboard of the US, with an estimated population count between 21 and 300. Because its environment of choice (bogs and swamps with white cedar trees) is fairly niche, Callophrys hesseli is very rare. Although they are not found on the IUCN Red List, NatureServe lists them as having a Rounded Global Status of G3, meaning it’s vulnerable. Although logging has thinned out the possible habitats for Callophrys hesseli, recolonization is a possibility (as long as logging is done in moderation)—bigger threats are the development of new settlements/neighborhoods and the spraying of biocides. Callophrys hesseli’s unique brown and green coloring makes it particularly well-suited to camouflage. We, as humans, can reconnect to Callophrys hesseli by going out to our local bogs and hiding in bushes for hours on end, peering into our binoculars and straining our eyes in a hopefully fruitful effort to defeat Callophrys hesseli’s perfect camouflage. No programs are underway to help restore and protect Callophrys hesseli that I’m currently aware of.

Further reading at

• The Atlas of Rare Butterflies, Skippers, Moths, Dragonflies & Damselflies of Virginia
• Butterfliesandmoths.org
• Bug Guide
• iNaturalist
• NatureServe
• ITIS

Virginia Big-Eared Bat

The Virginia big-eared bat, corynorhinus townsendii virginianus, is a species native to Virginia, West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and North Carolina.  These bats have soft, brown fur, and their ears are about half the length of their entire bodies.  Virginia big-eared bats usually live in caves, and often stay in the same habitat year-round.  In 1979, the Virginia big-eared bat was added to the list of endangered species after the decline of their population was noticed.  Around the time, the population of these bats was estimated to be around 2,500-3,000.  The Virginia big-eared bats are sensitive to disturbances of their habitats, and it is thought that the decline in their population is mainly due to human activities, such as spelunking in the caves in which the bats live.  Virginia big-eared bats can be affected by white nose syndrome; the fungus which causes white nose syndrome will grow on the bats' noses during their hibernation.  However, there have been no documented cases of this species of bats dying from white nose syndrome.  This is because these bats have developed a natural immunity to the fungus.

In an effort to help save the species, five caves in West Virginia, which were home to the Virginia big-eared bats, were closed off to human exploration and disturbance.  Additionally, a more recent attempt at protecting the Virginia big-eared bats was to find caves in which these bats live by using infrared sensors, which do not disturb the bats nearly as much as if a human were to look through the caves.  Caves that are found to be home to Virginia big-eared bats are often closed off, or will have signs put around them explaining that the caves should not be disturbed.  By the year 2009, the population of these bats had increased by about 75%.

Kirtland's Warbler

Kirtland’s Warbler, scientific name Setophaga kirtlandii is  a small grey and yellow bird native to the area around the great lakes. In the winter, they migrate through much of the US east coast on their way to the Bahamas. They lay 4-5 eggs at a time, which the female incubates for fourteen days, and the young usually stay with their parents for 9-10, once hatched.

It is classified as endangered, and was nearly extinct until the 1990’s, with a population of only ~200 singing males. There are many reasons for this, with the two most prominent being their exacting nesting requirements and cowbird parasitism.

Kirtland’s Warblers require jack pines for nesting. They nest on the ground near young jack pines that are 5-20 feet tall and 6-22 years old. These two factors, height and age, have been found to be crucial for Kirtland’s Warbler’s nesting, though the reason for this is unknown. For a pair of Kirtland’s Warblers to nest, they require at least eight acres of young jack pine surrounding them, and 30-40 acres may be required for raising young.

Kirtland’s Warbler also fall victim to cowbird parasitism. The brown headed cowbird, who wouldn’t naturally be found in the same areas as Kirtland’s Warblers, is a brood parasite. That means that, rather than raising their young, they leave their own eggs in the nests of other birds. Brown headed cowbird hatch before and are larger than most songbirds, so they often push the others out of the nest. Brown headed cowbirds have been able to reach the jack pines forests in Michigan because of the large amount of logging that occurred there, thinning the forests greatly.

There is currently a recovery plan for Kirtland’s warbler, the aptly named Kirtland’s Warbler Recovery Plan. This plan has five main objectives: to develop and maintain 36,000 to 40,000 square acres for nesting by rotation cutting 140,000 square acres of jack pines, protecting warblers along their migration routes, reducing the main factors harming Kirtland’s warblers, monitoring breeding patterns to evaluate their response to habitat changes, and develop emergency measures to prevent extinction.

Kirtland’s Warblers aren’t the only species that need a large amount of space. Many other organisms are also evolved to live in the deep woods, and are unable to transition into other habitats. Habitat fragmentation, discontinuities in an organism’s environment, threaten not only Kirtland’s Warbler, but many other species we take for granted today.

Sources:

http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/birds/Kirtland/kiwafctsht.html

http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12145_12202-32591--,00.html

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Dendroica_kirtlandii_-Michigan,_USA_-male-8_(5).jpg

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/81/122281-004-F3C2E75B.jpg

Greenbriar

Greenbrier is a warm-season peren- nial woody vine or shrub. The stems are climbing with tendrils and tend
to form tangled masses. Within these tangled masses, or mottes, the indi- vidual vines may be more than 20 feet long. These mottes may become so intertwined and matted that they be- come virtually impenetrable to live- stock. Greenbrier leaves are deltoid
or heart-shaped, with new foliage emerging in the early spring. The new foliage is tender and succulent early, but soon toughens and develops a thick waxy cuticle. The young, tender shoots and stems make excellent forage for both wildlife and livestock. Greenbriar are a paIN IN THE BUTT to get out of your clothes,skin,hair. Anything really, They are sharp and can make open wounds on your body. Somehow dogs can walk straight through them without being bugged by it. 
Photo creds to Diana!!!!
http://www.noble.org/global/ag/soils/greenbrier/greenbrier.pdf 

Beaver?

I fear that humans have essentially colonized nature. It certainly seems that way. My spot in the park is no longer an accurate representation of nature, rather it is the decaying remains of what it once was. By calling it a park we condemn nature to a glass casket, where its mutilated corpse can be put on display for the general public. Exploring my spot in this park is similar to conducting an autopsy; in no way does it give a sense of the capabilities in a living body, or what the experience of living is. But it gives an overview. A technical analysis that may prove to be slightly useful, but at the same time is extraordinarily depressing.

If my experience in the park is an autopsy, the cause of death is painfully obvious. Broken glass rests on the shore like blemishes on skin. A submerged tire sits stagnant in the river; a malignant tumor, killing its host. As if human presence wasn't already made totally clear, a brightly colored beach ball bobs in and out of the water, stuck on a fallen tree. I could ignore the broken glass. If I wasn't thinking about it, I would have looked right past the tire. But with every sway and bob in the water the ball flashed its bright colors and caught my eye. Nothing in the park could have even nearly resembled it. Hell, most of the colors on it didn't even exist 500 years ago! There was no ignoring it.

By far the most noticeable aspect of life in my spot was from the impact humans had made, but nature had left its own subtle marks too. Whether I should interpret them as some sort of last desperate struggle, or sign of a real formidable resistance to human takeover is something I haven't yet decided. The first sign of a natural organism I saw was just before I reached the shore to the river. The stump of some baby tree had been chewed to the core. Examining the small trees around it, I saw more teeth/claw marks. Despite never having actually run into these marks before, my past cartoon and TV experience helped me conclude that those were signs of a beaver.

Again relying on my media heavy experience, I looked for more signs of beavers. As I’ve mentioned previously about my spot, downed trees are very common. Just downstream, a few trees had fallen into the river, perhaps creating an already semi-completed dam. Extra sticks and plants seem to have been also brought there, suggesting that the beaver may have been turning it into some sort of shelter in addition to its dam. I plan to look for more beaver signs on my next trip.

Oaks in the Park

I walked out to the stream on Monday, February 29th, to find an organism to write about here. I was entirely stunned by absolute dearth of life, to be perfectly frank. In fact, I didn’t spot a single living animal—even the mosquitoes seemed to know that the creek was not a place for life. Although some light grasses were inhabiting the area in forlorn, mediocre patches here and there, the largest portion of life was in the trees, hulking organisms towering high above us. Not that you would know they were full of life, though—despite the warmer weather, spring isn’t quite in full swing, and as such buds have yet to appear on even the most eager of trees.
   Some of the notable trees I saw were oak trees. An oak is a tree in the genus (group of species) Quercus (Latin for “oak tree”). Although the oak tree I saw was Quercus alba, the white oak, there are about six hundred extant (non-extinct) species of oaks today, many of which are native to Virginia and the eastern US.
    In these dangerous modern times that prove such a risk for plants and animals of all varieties due to human intervention, how has the rag-tag group of Quercus trees fared? Pretty well! With the exception of notable outliers like Quercus hinckleyi and Quercus hintonii, almost all of the oaks found on the IUCN Red List are categorized as “of least concern.” With six hundred extant species, only having a few endangered ones on a planet with 16,000+ endangered species is a remarkable feat, and truly a sign of the humble oak’s resilient nature.
    It makes sense, then, that in the creek’s barren landscape, the oak trees are the largest sign of life. And further, I hope they still are in the future—oaks have graced the Earth with their luscious presence for thousands of years, and I hope they lighten our days for thousands more to come.

Read more about oak trees at these links!
Identify your oak by its bark.
IUCN Red List
The History of the English Oak
History of Oak Trees

Moss

     Chopped, fallen logs litter the earth, beneath the trunks of the leafless trees that remain planted in the ground.  Around the fallen logs is a sea of leaf-caked mud, from which thorns and leafy vines grow.  Though many of the individual plants appear lifeless and void of color, a green film of moss covers the fallen logs, and grows in clumps around the trees and across the forest floor.  The moss provides the forest with a soft, green glow, appearing even brighter in the sunlight.  From a distance, the moss, which tends to grow in puddles, or damp patches of ground, looks rather like algae, as if it would feel slimy.  But closer observation reveals that this is not at all the case, as the moss is actually made up of small sprouts, which look rather like extremely tiny, bright-green, pine trees.  These small structures are known as  phyllids. However, the moss did not all look the same.  There was soft, damp moss covering some of the rotted logs, and this moss appeared more reddish-green, and had more the shape of tiny flowers, rather than the pine-like appearance of some of the other moss.  Covering some of the drier logs was bright green, grass-like moss, which had what appeared to be small, red, hair-like seeds.  This moss was not as damp as the moss that grew all over the ground, and it felt really fuzzy and soft.  Upon digging a small clump of moss from a tree stump, I found that the moss was attached to the trees and the earth by a very tiny root system.  These root-like structures are actually not considered root systems, but are something known as rhizoids.  Rhizoids, though having a similar function as roots, are not considered to be true roots, as they are very small and are meant to anchor the moss to tree trunks and other surfaces.

     Moss (Bryopsida) is a class of plants, consisting of tiny, spore-producing plants.  These are within a group known as Bryophytes, which have rhizoids instead of roots.  There are about 12,000 different species of moss.  Moss can be commonly found growing In the earth, on trees, and many other surfaces in damp areas, usually in forests or other areas with much shade.  Many species of moss are highly beneficial to the ecosystem, in that they add nutrients to the soil and absorb water, which is used by larger plants.  Moss plants have different methods of reproduction depending on the generation of moss.  Gametophytes produce a sperm and an egg, to produce sporophytes.  These sporophytes live on the previous generation of moss, giving off spores, which then grow to become gametophytes.  The fuzzy moss that could be found growing on the trees must have had sporophytes, which were the long red hair-like structures growing from the shorter green moss.

Sources:

http://www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant

http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep14c.htm

Crow Garlic

People don’t often think about crow garlic (Allium vineale), and those who do don’t seem to like it. A quick Google search for “onion grass”, as it usually called, will bring up article after article about how to get rid of it. It is a weed, after all. But I’ve always liked it.

It was the odor that attracted me when I was younger, as it attracts many younger children. Then, it was the color they added to an environment by growing in the colder seasons when little else will. Now, I can’t point to one feature of crow garlic that appeals to me. It might be the tall stalks that bend and twist gracefully, but I’m not entirely sure.

The above mentioned dislike of crow garlic seems not to have reached many children, as is the case with many things adults dislike. In early spring, the sight of children pulling up and playing with crow garlic is not an uncommon one. The distinct, onion-like smell plays a role in this, stimulating more senses than many other plants. This, of course, is not limited to children--anyone can easily interact with it in this way.

Crow garlic is also one way to tell that spring is coming. Though they grow throughout the winter and spring, it isn’t until nearly spring that they grow thick and bright enough to be noticed.

It seems now that there would be no way to avoid crow garlic when walking outside in much of north America, but this has not always been the case. Crow garlic is native to north-western Africa, the Canary Islands, Europe, and western Asia--not America. It is also widely naturalized in south-eastern Australia.

Despite technically being an invasive species, crow garlic isn’t nearly as harmful as many other invasive species. It interferes minimally with other organisms, and its biggest negative effect may be on humans. It can contaminate agricultural products. If a cow eats crow garlic while grazing, it won’t hurt the cow, but the cow’s milk will develop at distinct garlic taste, making it less appealing to humans.

Overall, crow garlic is a commonplace plant, one that most take for granted. Crow garlic is one of the few truly harmless invasive species.

Sources:

http://www.lawn-care-academy.com/wild-onions.html

http://www.mvtimes.com/2013/04/17/untamed-wild-garlic-can-drive-gardeners-15176/

http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/Allium_vineale.htm

http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/pests/weeds/hgic2311.html

Nature Poetry

During the time in the nature

Earth was muddy

Snow was brittle

On the side of river

Locate fallen trees

And garbage was scattered

The sky was painted grey

Every creature was too silent to tell the future

Sonnet for February

The trees like claws, reach up towards the sky,

Their branches stand so barren and brittle.

Plans of year-round green often go awry,

Though nature’s beauty is decreased little.

The brilliant blue of the crystal dome,

Nowhere marred by the soft splash of a cloud,

Rests over the top of our Earthly home,

Its hue shining downwards so bright and proud.

The wind cuts sharply underneath my skin,

Its cold a force to be fought with drawn swords,

All animals hide themselves and their kin,

When through the reeds they hear its ghostly chords.

Yet here the plants of a young spring do grow,

It will once again be warm, this I know.

God bless trees! I live in nature!
od bless trees! I live in nature! G
d bless trees! I live in nature! Go
 bless trees! I live in nature! God
bless trees! I live in nature! God
less trees! I live in nature! God b
ess trees! I live in nature! God bl
ss trees! I live in nature! God ble
s trees! I live in nature! God bles
 trees! I live in nature! God bless
trees! I live in nature! God bless
rees! I live in nature! God bless t
ees! I live in nature! God bless tr
es! I live in nature! God bless tre
s! I live in nature! God bless tree
! I live in nature! God bless trees
 I live in nature! God bless trees!
I live in nature! God bless trees!
 live in nature! God bless trees! I
live in nature! God bless trees! I
ive in nature! God bless trees! I l
ve in nature! God bless trees! I li
e in nature! God bless trees! I liv
 in nature! God bless trees! I live
in nature! God bless trees! I live
n nature! God bless trees! I live i
 nature! God bless trees! I live in
nature! God bless trees! I live in
ature! God bless trees! I live in n
ture! God bless trees! I live in na
ure! God bless trees! I live in nat
re! God bless trees! I live in natu
e! God bless trees! I live in natur
! God bless trees! I live in nature
 God bless trees! I live in nature!
God bless trees! I live in nature!

Wander together

Lost kids found teens by the creek

My love comes slowly

Nature Poem

un-Comfortaby numb 

     Outdoors

     Lots of trees

     Do not want

     Nope

     Everything is frozen 

     Spain

     Suffering

Rebecca’s Second Venture

Today, instead of going to my spot, I went with Nathan to his spot. We walked through the woods together, along with Steven, and adventured near a creek and some fallen trees. Nathan was determined to make me enjoy nature more, and I think he partially succeeded.
   The woods are peaceful and serene, but also dirty and rarely fully comfortable. It’s pretty common knowledge that I’m not a huge fan of dirt and grime. Maybe I should learn to find peace in nature, to work with it instead of against it, to love nature. But will I ever truly love nature? Does loving nature even provide me with any benefit? The planet, sure, but I’m not focused on the planet. I’m focused on my peers, on loving the people around me, on human interactions.
   I remember when I was a kid, there was a creek near my house that we would walk to and play and explore for hours. My reverie with Nathan today reminded me of that a bit, just walking up and down the banks. I remember being so small that 5 foot high banks seemed massive, towering above me. Now when I visit creeks they’re a little bit underwhelming. Maybe I should listen to Nathan, heed nature’s call, look out to the world with wonder again.
   There’s always next week.

The creek.

A small waterfall.

Sense of Place?

What is my sense of place?

I was born in a city with parks consist of marbles and trees planted alongside the avenues. Although there are some countryside around the urban area, unlike my grandfather’s generation, I am a boy born among skyscrapers who have no interest in fields that grow rice or rapeseed, a source or oil in my hometown. Sometimes I do not understand why my mother and father are so passionate about those crops, but it seems like they have the sense of place as a shelter in their minds.

Field of rapeseed

Fortunately, I have visited some places outside my hometown. Despite the fact that I still prefer the destinations where you can find excessive human activities, I have been to some forests, seasides, and mountains. They are all great places for a number of people but me, even if I can appreciate more from there than those professional photographers. Also, they may not be able to be the so-called sense of place since I have been there as a visitor for less than a week.

Seaside

I tried to remember my first journey. My parents took a seven-year-old boy who got in the airplane for the first time to a national park. I picked up a wooden stick twice as long as my height with the imagination of a hero beating against antagonists. My father was still dynamic to play with me. We walked for a long time that makes me felt extremely exhausted. The river was a kind of nice and clean. There are trees with leaves in red, yellow and green, which I knew years later that people come to the park for seeing them. I do not clearly remember everything. I guess I had just graduated from kindergarten when I came there but I am not sure.

National Park

Nevertheless, it does not totally motivate my love to nature who still sleep well now. The journey was fun, the air was fresh, and the leaves are beautiful, however, I feel fine not to go to the similar spot twice. My passion ended with the visit naturally, or, compared to the biophilia people, it seems that I do not have any passion to nature. This is why I dislike the article by David Morr, I am not biophobia unless he think I am.

I like nature when no one takes photos beside me. I like birds, deers, rivers, beaches, grass, and even the avenue trees. They just cannot excite me enough to be my sense of space.